SAT Craft and Structure
Practice Questions

The following text is adapted from a 2021 essay on urban ecology. In rapidly expanding cities, green corridors—strips of vegetation connecting parks and nature reserves—play a critical role in preserving biodiversity. Without these corridors, animal populations become isolated, unable to exchange genetic material with neighboring groups. Conservationists argue that even narrow plantings along roadways can sustain meaningful wildlife movement, as long as the vegetation is dense enough to offer cover. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "sustain"?

The following text is adapted from a 2019 historical account of early cartography. Medieval European cartographers faced a fundamental problem: the instruments available for measuring longitude at sea were wholly inadequate. Ships regularly ran aground on coastlines that should, by the charts, have been hundreds of miles distant. The inaccuracy of these maps was not due to ignorance—many cartographers were highly educated—but rather to the absence of any reliable method for determining east-west position while at sea. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "wholly"?

The following text is adapted from a 2020 biology textbook excerpt. Mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses of the cell," a description that captures their primary function: generating the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that fuels cellular activity. But mitochondria do more than produce energy. They regulate the cell's calcium levels, contribute to thermogenesis, and play a central role in apoptosis—the programmed cell death that is essential to development and immune function. Understanding the full scope of mitochondrial function requires moving beyond the familiar powerhouse metaphor. What is the main purpose of the text?

The following text is adapted from a 2022 profile of composer Mira Solano. Solano's compositions resist easy classification. Her string quartets draw on the harmonic language of late Romanticism, yet her rhythmic vocabulary is unmistakably rooted in the polyrhythmic traditions of West African drumming. Critics have described her work as eclectic, though Solano herself bristles at the term, preferring instead to call her approach "synthesis"—a word that implies not mere borrowing but the emergence of something genuinely new from the meeting of distinct traditions. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "bristles"?

The following text is adapted from a 2020 science journalism piece on memory research. Neuroscientists once believed that long-term memory was essentially fixed once consolidated—that after a memory stabilized over weeks or months, it became a static archive, immune to revision. Recent research has upended this view. Each time a memory is recalled, it becomes temporarily labile: vulnerable to alteration before it is re-stabilized. This reconsolidation window, researchers argue, opens genuine possibilities for therapeutic intervention in conditions characterized by intrusive or traumatic memories. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "labile"?

The following text is adapted from a 2021 environmental science paper. The term "tipping point" is frequently invoked in climate discussions, but it is often used imprecisely. In the technical literature, a tipping point refers to a threshold in a dynamical system beyond which the system moves to a qualitatively different state, often irreversibly. The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is a paradigm case: once a critical temperature threshold is crossed, internal feedbacks accelerate melting regardless of subsequent reductions in atmospheric greenhouse gases. Popular usage, by contrast, often treats any sharp change as a tipping point, diluting the concept's analytical precision. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "diluting"?

The following text is adapted from a 2018 political philosophy essay. Classical liberal theory holds that political authority derives its legitimacy from the consent of the governed. Yet critics have noted that this consent is rarely explicit—most citizens never formally agree to be governed; they simply find themselves, from birth, within a particular legal order. Tacit consent theorists respond that acquiescence, together with ongoing benefits received from the state, constitutes a meaningful form of agreement. Opponents counter that acquiescence under conditions where exit is effectively impossible cannot constitute genuine consent. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "acquiescence"?

The following text is adapted from a 2023 review of architectural history. Brutalism, the architectural movement that dominated institutional building from the late 1950s through the 1970s, has experienced a remarkable rehabilitation in critical esteem. Once derided as oppressive and inhuman—its raw concrete surfaces seen as emblematic of a cold state indifferent to individual experience—Brutalist buildings are now celebrated for the very qualities that once drew condemnation: their unapologetic assertion of mass, their structural candor, and their refusal to ornament what they were. As used in the text, what is the most precise meaning of "candor"?